Terms used in live event production, show calling, and video switching — applicable across all platforms.
SHOW STRUCTURE
SHOW
The complete production — all screens, presets, and outputs for a single event or venue.
PRESET
A saved look — what content appears on which destination. Also called a cue, look, or snapshot.
TRANSITION
How the switcher moves from one preset to the next — cut, dissolve, or wipe.
CUE
An instruction to execute a preset. A show caller calls cues to the operator.
RUNDOWN
The ordered list of all cues/presets for a show.
DESTINATIONS & CANVAS
DESTINATION
A physical display or output — LED wall, projection screen, confidence monitor.
CANVAS
The total pixel space across all screens.
RESOLUTION
The pixel dimensions of a destination — width × height (e.g. 1920×1080).
ASPECT RATIO
The proportional relationship between width and height (e.g. 16:9, 4:3).
PIXEL PITCH
Distance in mm between LED pixels. Smaller pitch = higher resolution.
LED WALL
A display made of tiled LED modules. Modular, scalable, very bright.
EDGE BLENDING
Softening the join between overlapping projector images for a seamless look.
NITS
Unit of brightness (cd/m²). Indoor LED: 800–1500 nits. Outdoor LED: 3000–6000 nits.
LAYERS & COMPOSITING
LAYER
A channel of content on a destination. Higher numbers sit on top.
PIP
Picture-In-Picture. A smaller layer positioned within a larger destination.
BACKGROUND / BKG
The base layer — fills the entire destination behind all other layers.
DSK
Downstream Key. A graphic keyed over the final output after compositing.
USK
Upstream Key. Applied before the final composite — used for camera keying.
CHROMA KEY
Removes a specific colour (green/blue screen) to create transparency.
LUMA KEY
Uses brightness levels to create transparency.
CROP
Trimming the edges of a layer without moving it.
OPACITY
How see-through a layer is — 100% opaque, 0% transparent.
AOI
Area of Interest. A cropped region of a destination used as a virtual output.
SEAMLESS SWITCHING
Transition between presets with no visible glitch or flash.
OUTPUTS & MONITORING
DSM
Discrete Secondary Monitor. Auxiliary output for confidence monitors or prompters.
AUX
Auxiliary output — used for monitors, record feeds, or overflow screens.
PROGRAMME / PGM
The main live output — what the audience sees.
PREVIEW / PVW
Pre-fade view — lets the operator see what happens next before committing.
MULTIVIEW
Single monitor showing multiple inputs and outputs in a grid.
RETURN FEED
Signal coming back from a remote location, streaming encoder, or broadcast truck.
CONFIDENCE MONITOR
Display visible only to the presenter — shows slides, notes, or timer.
IMAG
Image Magnification. Live camera feed shown on the main destination for large audiences.
SIGNAL & CONNECTIVITY
SDI
Serial Digital Interface. Professional broadcast cable for uncompressed digital video.
12G-SDI
Single-cable SDI carrying 4K video. Common in broadcast and live events.
HDMI
Consumer/prosumer digital connector. HDMI 2.0 supports 4K at 60fps.
NDI
Network Device Interface. Sends video over standard ethernet.
GENLOCK
Synchronising video signal timing to prevent tearing when switching sources.
FRAME RATE
Frames per second — 24p, 25p, 30p, 50p, 60p. All sources should match.
LATENCY
Delay between input and output. Critical for IMAG — sync with live action matters.
EDID
Info a display sends to the source about its capabilities. Switchers can emulate it.
HDR
High Dynamic Range. Wider brightness and colour range than standard SDR.
COLOUR SPACE
Range of colours a system can represent. Rec.709 = HD. Rec.2020 = 4K/HDR.
COLOUR & IMAGE
4:4:4 / 4:2:2 / 4:2:0
Chroma subsampling. 4:4:4 = full colour (best). 4:2:2 = broadcast. 4:2:0 = streaming.
10-BIT / 12-BIT
Bit depth — 10-bit = 1.07 billion colours, smooth gradients, no banding.
SDR
Standard Dynamic Range. Traditional brightness range up to ~100 nits.
HDR10
HDR format with static metadata, up to 10,000 nits. Common on LED walls.
HLG
Hybrid Log-Gamma. Live broadcast HDR — backward compatible with SDR displays.
PRODUCTION ROLES
SHOW CALLER
Calls cues live — directs the operator on when to transition.
TD / TECHNICAL DIRECTOR
Senior operator responsible for the switcher and signal flow.
PROJECT MANAGER / PM
Plans the production — builds the look book, defines destination layouts.
HIGH RES ENGINEER
Specialist operator for the high-resolution switcher.
MEDIA SERVER OP
Operates media server (Disguise, Green Hippo, Resolume) — manages video playback.
TECHNICAL RIDER
Document specifying exactly what equipment and connections a performer needs.
PATCH SHEET / I/O LIST
Lists every input and output connection. The engineer counterpart to the look book.
CONTENT TYPE SHORTHAND
AUX
Auxiliary. A secondary output — feeds overflow screens, record decks, or monitoring. Also used as a DSM label.
BACKUP
Backup feed or source held in reserve — switched to if the primary source fails during the show.
BLANK
An empty / black layer with no content. Used to intentionally darken a destination or as a placeholder.
BUG
Channel bug or watermark — a small persistent logo or icon keyed over content, usually corner-positioned.
CAM
Camera. A live camera feed — handheld, jib, or static positioned at the event.
CHROMA KEY
Removes a specific colour (green or blue screen) to create transparency for compositing.
CLOCK
A live clock graphic — countdown timer or time-of-day, typically driven by the graphics system.
CONFIDENCE
Confidence Monitor. Display visible only to the presenter showing slides, notes, or a countdown timer.
DSK
Downstream Key. A graphic layer keyed over the final output after all compositing is complete.
FULL GFX
Full-frame graphic. A graphic that fills the entire destination — no camera or video behind it.
GFX
Graphics. Any text, title, animation, or designed visual element from the graphics system.
HANDYCAM
A small handheld or compact camera — often used for POV shots, audience, or backstage coverage.
IMAG
Image Magnification. Live camera feed shown on large destinations so the back of the audience can see the stage.
LOGO
A static or animated brand logo — corporate identity graphic held on a destination.
LOWER 3RD
Lower Third. A graphic keyed over the bottom third of the destination — typically name and title text.
LUMA KEY
Uses brightness levels (luminance) to create transparency — white areas become transparent.
MULTIVIEW
A single monitor output showing multiple inputs and outputs arranged in a grid for monitoring.
NOTES
Speaker notes or prompter text fed to a confidence monitor — not visible to the audience.
PGM
Programme. The main live output — the final composite signal going to the audience screens.
PLAYBACK
Pre-recorded video content played from a media server, laptop, or video playback system.
PREVIEW
Preview (PVW). Pre-fade view — lets the operator see the next source before taking it to programme.
PROMPTER
Teleprompter feed. Scrolling script text shown to the presenter — mirrored on a beam-splitter in front of the lens.
PTZ
Pan-Tilt-Zoom. A remotely operated robotic camera — controlled from the operator position without a camera operator on set.
RECORD
Record feed. A dedicated output routed to a recording device — captures the show for archive or streaming.
RETURN
Return feed. Signal coming back from a remote location, streaming platform, or broadcast truck.
SLIDES
Presentation slides — PowerPoint, Keynote, or similar — driven by a presenter clicker or operator.
STREAM
Live streaming output or input — feed going to or coming from a streaming encoder or CDN.
TEAMS
Microsoft Teams. Video conferencing feed shown on screen — either a remote presenter or a hybrid audience.
TEST
Test pattern or signal. Used for alignment, colour calibration, and signal verification during setup.
TICKER
Scrolling text strip — news ticker style running across the bottom of the screen with live updates.
TIMER
Countdown or count-up timer graphic — session timer, break timer, or show clock.
USK
Upstream Key. Applied before the final composite — typically used for camera keying over a background.
WEBEX
Cisco Webex. Video conferencing feed — remote presenter or hybrid delegate shown on screen.
ZOOM
Zoom Video Communications. Video conferencing feed — remote presenter or hybrid delegate shown on screen.